(Presentation for the Scientific Workshop)
Historical Sciences no longer dispute the fact that the area of central Bosnia and Herzegovina was inhabited several millennia ago due to the fact that rugged Pleistocene Ice Age never reached that area. Throughout a few interglacial's, the vast areas of Eurasia and Americas were covered with thick layers of ice and snow north of the 50th parallel until approximately then thousand years ago.
A deductive observation of the prehistoric "Bosnian Culture X" (ethnically not identified or dated yet) that once flourished, long before Neolithic "Butmir culture", for centuries or even millennia, central Bosnia, can now be described when taking into the consideration the natural elevations in the wide area of Visoko that were artificially modified/shaped into the pyramidal or conical formations, including a net-work of the underground tunnels. This culture is characterized by the great architectural achievements that were covered by the layers of soil and vegetation for many millennia that caused some damage but still survived to the present day. About this developed prehistoric culture the following can be concluded:• it used to be a great, well organized, stable and strong ruling community with a long continuity; they were not a small nomadic hunting-gathering society without a habitat, searching for food to sustain its existence;• it once had a strong and unshakable motivation to accept and perform the extensive and long-term construction work on the ground and under the ground (a network of underground tunnels);• most likely, that motivation was not only abstract but was certainly based on the needs (not known to us) or the benefits that the structures provided;• the prehistoric culture had the necessary ruling and technical resources for this enormous, large and complex project, including the organized production and distribution of food for employees and their families (particularly women and children);• it had developed language for the efficient communication, and possibly, a set of characters as an alphabet, and most certainly, had a great knowledge about the positional astronomy, basic geometry, basic geodesy and elementary math (calculation).Viewed retrospectively from the engineering aspect of performance in the very extensive and complex architectural works of shaping/modifying the suitable elevations into the shapely pyramid and conical formation, it required at least the following:• clear architectural vision, systematic planning (requiring extensive and collaborative organization), exemplary work discipline, and consistent supervision of a great number of people;• work requiring sketching, drawing, and elaborate 3D set-ups (all with crucial details);• creation of appropriate technology, tools and supplies for individual works;• both an efficient formula for producing additives and a technology of making/casting a high quality and durable long life concrete;• experienced knowledge of the statics, fundamental rules and stability of solid stone construction;• adequate measurements and surveys of the terrain before and during the construction works, linear management of the profile’s edges on the pyramid formation, and alignment/stabilization of their surfaces (slopes);• construction of roads, bridges and efficient transport Extensive system of measurement units and reference standards (etalons) upon which angles were based, and measurements for length used during the execution of works; • extensive applications and computations of measurements for the terrain and the constructional elements (concrete blocks); successful determination of the main cardinal points in order to achieve a desired orientation of the edges and sides.Thoroughly comprehensive works in a very wide tunnel network with numerous short blind branches with an unknown purpose calling for:• excellent knowledge of the specific rules and skills of making tunnels in a safe manner (geology and static of soil, lining arches to prevent collapsing, etc.);• appropriate equipment for digging and for the removal of the dug-out material;• efficient lighting, ventilation (which even now still works perfectly within the tunnels) and continu-ous drainage;• reliable orientation underground to continuously direct the tunnel towards its desired destination;• measurements of the tunnels with the goal of controlling the route and profiles of the tunnel during excavation;• labelling of the tunnel’s network in order to achieve the clear orientation and• long-time maintenance of the tunnels while in use.Based on this, it becomes obvious why this prehistoric culture ("The Bosnian Culture X") was a powerful and prosperous community that once had both sufficient knowledge (practical and theoretical) and resources to carry out such works consistently. It can be said that this long-gone culture was once undoubtedly a very large highly-organized community; and currently, it is still not possible to place it in a particular historic time. Without hesitation, we can say for sure this early high prehistoric culture had great knowledge and was aware of the concept of zero.It is very likely that the prehistoric "Bosnian culture X" had its own developed religion that played a very important or even crucial role in its life, which presupposes a powerful priestly class from which its rulers (kings-sages?!) were likely to come.
A deductive observation of the prehistoric "Bosnian Culture X" (ethnically not identified or dated yet) that once flourished, long before Neolithic "Butmir culture", for centuries or even millennia, central Bosnia, can now be described when taking into the consideration the natural elevations in the wide area of Visoko that were artificially modified/shaped into the pyramidal or conical formations, including a net-work of the underground tunnels. This culture is characterized by the great architectural achievements that were covered by the layers of soil and vegetation for many millennia that caused some damage but still survived to the present day. About this developed prehistoric culture the following can be concluded:• it used to be a great, well organized, stable and strong ruling community with a long continuity; they were not a small nomadic hunting-gathering society without a habitat, searching for food to sustain its existence;• it once had a strong and unshakable motivation to accept and perform the extensive and long-term construction work on the ground and under the ground (a network of underground tunnels);• most likely, that motivation was not only abstract but was certainly based on the needs (not known to us) or the benefits that the structures provided;• the prehistoric culture had the necessary ruling and technical resources for this enormous, large and complex project, including the organized production and distribution of food for employees and their families (particularly women and children);• it had developed language for the efficient communication, and possibly, a set of characters as an alphabet, and most certainly, had a great knowledge about the positional astronomy, basic geometry, basic geodesy and elementary math (calculation).Viewed retrospectively from the engineering aspect of performance in the very extensive and complex architectural works of shaping/modifying the suitable elevations into the shapely pyramid and conical formation, it required at least the following:• clear architectural vision, systematic planning (requiring extensive and collaborative organization), exemplary work discipline, and consistent supervision of a great number of people;• work requiring sketching, drawing, and elaborate 3D set-ups (all with crucial details);• creation of appropriate technology, tools and supplies for individual works;• both an efficient formula for producing additives and a technology of making/casting a high quality and durable long life concrete;• experienced knowledge of the statics, fundamental rules and stability of solid stone construction;• adequate measurements and surveys of the terrain before and during the construction works, linear management of the profile’s edges on the pyramid formation, and alignment/stabilization of their surfaces (slopes);• construction of roads, bridges and efficient transport Extensive system of measurement units and reference standards (etalons) upon which angles were based, and measurements for length used during the execution of works; • extensive applications and computations of measurements for the terrain and the constructional elements (concrete blocks); successful determination of the main cardinal points in order to achieve a desired orientation of the edges and sides.Thoroughly comprehensive works in a very wide tunnel network with numerous short blind branches with an unknown purpose calling for:• excellent knowledge of the specific rules and skills of making tunnels in a safe manner (geology and static of soil, lining arches to prevent collapsing, etc.);• appropriate equipment for digging and for the removal of the dug-out material;• efficient lighting, ventilation (which even now still works perfectly within the tunnels) and continu-ous drainage;• reliable orientation underground to continuously direct the tunnel towards its desired destination;• measurements of the tunnels with the goal of controlling the route and profiles of the tunnel during excavation;• labelling of the tunnel’s network in order to achieve the clear orientation and• long-time maintenance of the tunnels while in use.Based on this, it becomes obvious why this prehistoric culture ("The Bosnian Culture X") was a powerful and prosperous community that once had both sufficient knowledge (practical and theoretical) and resources to carry out such works consistently. It can be said that this long-gone culture was once undoubtedly a very large highly-organized community; and currently, it is still not possible to place it in a particular historic time. Without hesitation, we can say for sure this early high prehistoric culture had great knowledge and was aware of the concept of zero.It is very likely that the prehistoric "Bosnian culture X" had its own developed religion that played a very important or even crucial role in its life, which presupposes a powerful priestly class from which its rulers (kings-sages?!) were likely to come.
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