The Amazing Pyramids of Europe

Ellie Sand

Controversy surrounding the Pyramids at Güimar is not a new thing. For years, experts have been arguing whether the steps of lava stone were just random placements by local farmers as they cleared the land, or whether they were the step formations of pyramids. After all, just like the cultures of Egypt and South America, the Guanche's mummified their dead. The Guanche's are thought to have originated from North African Berber region which is estimated to have been inhabited by the Berbers as far back as 3,000 BC. This region covers Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. They had their own religion. In fact the term ‘Berber' is derived from the Roman word for barbarians and defined non-Arabic tribes. The location of the Berbers/Guanches in North Africa could suggest that there is a link between them and Egypt and therefore it is likely that they would have had some knowledge of the great pyramids of Egypt.There are two main schools of thought regarding similarities found in different cultures. The question is whether those cultures have had contact in the past or whether they developed their similarities independently. Take the bow and arrow for example. Many cultures of the past used the bow and arrow, from medieval England to the jungles of South America. The boomerang is another example. Both the Aboriginal nation of Australia and the ancient Eyptian's used the boomerang. Did they have a common origin or did they develop this tool independently? You see the dilemma here? Did the Guanches build pyramids and mummify their dead as a result of knowledge of ancient Egypt; knowledge that we no longer have? Or did they do this from an independent source of knowledge? Or, in fact, did they build the pyramids at all? Or are they just a pile of lava stones dumped there by local farmers?
Phil Coppens and Sam Semir Osmanagich, two eminent specialists on the subject of pyramids have recently visited Tenerife. Their lecture on 24th of January was insightful and packed with information and intelligent conclusions.
Phil Coppens, is an investigative journalist and author of a number of books including Land of the Gods and The New Pyramid Age and is Editor in Chief of the Dutch magazine Frontier (http://www.phillipcoppens.com/) .
Phil Coppens spoke about the many pyramids that are located around the globe, and included little known pyramids like these in Italy. In fact, this formation conforms to the same shape as those on the Giza plateau, which mirror the three stars in the Belt of the constellation of Orion. But have your heard of these?
His study of a variety of pyramids located around the globe had indicated a number of similarities, including a ‘vault' or cave located beneath these structures and that the corners of the pyramid point to the four cardinal direction of North, South, East and West or to the solstices.. He sites numerous examples of pyramids with this anomaly and has reported that his initial conclusions were that the pyramids at Güimar were in fact genuine, being aligned to the summer solstice and having a ‘cave' beneath its structure. It is also reported by the University of La Laguna that Dr. Heyerdahl is correct in that the stones are not randomly piled up but are in fact deliberately turned with the flat side out. Thor Heyerdahl's expressed wish was that no theory should be forced on visitors to Guimar. In fact the symbol of the exhibit is a question mark leaving each to draw his or her own conclusions.
The case of the Bosnian Pyramid is raising more questions every day. When I first heard that someone was going to give a talk on the Bosnian Pyramids, I must admit that I was sceptical. However, having listened to the talk by Semir Osmanagich I am left in no doubt that what he has found is a genuine pyramid. It is the largest pyramid known to exist standing some 220 metres high and is aligned to the four cardinal points. However, it is presently covered by woodland.
Historian Osmanagich discovered the pyramids while studying the Visoko valley of Bosnia and Herzegovina using satellite, topography, thermal and radar analysis of the country in an attempt to locate anomalies in the landscape and has discovered 9 unusual hills that do not conform to the typical landscape. Five of these have been located in the Visoko region. Further analysis of three of these anomalies has shown paved footways and roads, and a huge network of interconnecting tunnels beneath these pyramids. Coping and corner stones have been exposed, and artefacts have been discovered (http://www.samosmanagich.com/) .
There is little doubt that Osmanagich is onto something and at the end of the day, when one looks at all the evidence (and there is much) one has to conclude that Semir Osmanagich has discovered the first pyramid in Europe and possibly the largest man-made structure found so far on the face of the planet.
Not surprisingly, critics have come forward to denounce Osmanagich's work, but this does not distract or concern him as he keeps his focus on uncovering these extraordinary monuments. If Semir is right, and all the evidence so far would indicate that he is, then the history books will have to be re-written. This, of course, is so often the issue with ‘experts' who would rather that we leave the past we cannot explain buried, where no one will ask questions and the established ‘time line' of history will not be challenged. And so the dilemma arises as to whether we choose to ignore discoveries such as Osmanagich's in favour of believing in what is, essentially a very narrow and mostly incorrect view of our past; or whether we dare to look at such discoveries and question our perception of the history of humankind on this planet. We should never forget, in our quest for the truth, that those who do not study the past are condemned to repeat it.

From: meimor@libero.it [mailto:meimor@libero.it]

We are very interested to this Conference. We’ll publish our book: Giza: le Piramidi satellite ed il Codice Segreto (Giza: The Satellite Pyramids and the Secret Code, http://www.lulu.com/content/4734088). The book contains our theory about the historical date of the Zep Tepi. A mathematical process fixes the Time of Osiris.
We have added the link of the International Conference in our blog (http://meimor-antichecivilta.blogspot.com/).
We are very glady to receive more news about the conference to publish on our blog,
We’d like to ask you if you can added our blog on your site, to share more information about antiquities.
Thank you
Armando Mei & Nico Moretto

This is our solution of the mystery of the First Time! We propose that it was in fact a part of the reasons of builders in establishing their “Time Capsule”. That is, they wanted to give a date to their works and their time capsule. Above all, they wanted to celebrate the date of their origins.
All the best

Da: walter@cruttendenpartners.com

Hello Armando and Nico - Thank you for the link.
What is the date you find for Zep Tepi? How do you define the "first Time"? What was it like - and why?
Walter Cruttenden


From: meimor@libero.it [mailto:meimor@libero.it]

Hi Walter,
Many conjectures have been made concerning the monumental complex of Giza. One of the most outstanding theories is that proposed by Robert Bauval known as “The Correlation Theory”.
Still unsolved remains the dispute over the “Zep Tepi” (ancient Egyptian for the “First Time of Osiris” i.e. the period of time of the Gods Rule). While academics agree to confine its purpose to mythology, we believe that their position conflicts with the long lists of sovereigns found so accurately transcribed in Egyptian documents and temples.
In our opinion, the pyramids of Giza originally were built to document and communicate the scientific knowledge of a pre-historical and unknown society. And the Satellite Pyramids had a key role. We believe that in the course of time the initial purpose of the pyramids changed and the constructions were turned into pharaos’ tombs. This would give some credibility to the reasoning of academics, while restoring the initial role of the monuments of Giza.
The key is a date fixed by a mathematical process: 36,900
Armando & Nico


Da: walter@cruttendenpartners.com

Hi Armando and Nico - Thanks for the date. I assume you mean 36,900 years ago or 34,900 B.C. ? That is a long time ago! In my book, Lost Star of Myth and Time, I describe a Golden Age that occurred around 11,500 B.C. According to Yuga cycles as propounded by Sri Yukteswar and others there would also have been a Golden Age in the time period you suggest (24,000 years before 11,500 B.C.). Unfortunately, we can't find too much evidence of such a time as even exposed rock temples would completely erode in about 10,000 years if left exposed to the elements. Nonetheless, the Greek and Vedic cultures imply that civilization far exceeds current estimates.
Cheers
Walter


From: meimor@libero.it

Dear Walter,
thank you very much for your reply.

I assume you mean 36,900 years ago or 34,900 B.C. ?
36.900 BC…
The Royal Canon, found in Egypt in 1822 by Bernardino Drovetti, contains a long list of the sovereigns (gods, demigods and kings) that supposedly had been ruling Egypt over a period of circa 33,000 years before the First Dynasty (3,100 BC). Our proposal is that it was conceived for historic purposes, that is, it was meant to pass on the chronology of the kings. Perhaps the content of the document was at first inspired by a novel historical source and then handed down orally. This would explain possible discrepancies of actual lines of succession.

Unfortunately, we can't find too much evidence of such a time as even exposed rock temples would completely erode in about 10,000 years if left exposed to the elements.
We don’t agree. It is undeniable that “academic” Egyptology has greatly contributed to our knowledge of a unique and incomparable civilization, incredibly developed both socially and artistically. Unfortunately, academic Egyptologists have also persisted in misattributing some archaeological finds to the Egyptians, which we believe have little to do with this civilization. This has created confusion among researchers and has affected our comprehension of the prehistory of Egypt. John Anthony West said us: “As if contemporary Egyptologists know more about ancient Egyptian history than the ancient Egyptians themselves. That's the standard height of academic arrogance”.
The Great Pyramid, Temple of Dendera, Nabta Playa, the discovery of the Ural map during the expedition headed by professor Chouvilov, the source maps of Piri Reis, Buache, Mercator, the mystery of Mohenjo Dharo. The Book of Death (Ancient Egypt), the RgVeda, the Vimanas are only a few traces of a lost civilization lived before the flood.
We must read the traces, the fingerprints of a Lost Civilization.

We are very interested to your book. Where can we found it?
best
Armando & Nico


Da: walter@cruttendenpartners.com

I agree with you, all indications are that ancient Egyptian civilization is far far older than mainstream academia suggests. Moreover, it seems to devolve from the Old Kingdom through the Middle Kingdom to the New Kingdom until it finally becomes almost nomadic with most knowledge lost. This to me is another indication that the Great Year is real - and it is one of the main themes in my book. It is available at most major bookstores but easiest to buy at Amazon.com http://www.amazon.com/Lost-Star-Myth-Walter-Cruttenden/dp/0976763117
It is possible that Zep Tepi means more than a simple Golden Age. It may be a reference to either the very first time Golden Age on earth - or perhaps a reference to an archetypal first time as it exists in consciousness. Given the fact that we are still in a relatively low age it may be difficult to answer this question, based on prevailing evidence. One thing is certain - time will tell.
Incidentally, some of the best hard evidence of a very high time on earth can be found in the stones at Gobekli Tepe Turkey, although they are still not properly understood.
CheersWalter Cruttenden


Walter Cruttenden - Binary Research Institute
4600 Campus Drive
Newport Beach, Ca.
92660949-399-0300
www.BinaryResearchInstitute.org

Site older than Mohenjodaro found in Pak

An archaeological site dating back about 5,500 years and believed to be older than Mohenjodaro has been found in Pakistan's southern Sindh province. A team of 22 archaeologists found some semi-precious and precious stones and utensils made of clay, copper and other metals during an excavation at the site in Lakhian Jo Daro in Sukkur district yesterday."At present, we can say that it (the site) is older than Mohenjodaro," Ghulam Mustafa Shar, the director of the Lakhian Jo Daro project, told Dawn newspaper. The find is said to be of the Kot Diji era, experts said. Shar said the remains of a "faience" or tin-glazed pottery factory had been found at the site. It is believed to be of the era of mirror factories in Italy that date back to some 9,000 years.A painting has also been found at the site and the discovery of more such items could establish the site as 9,000 years old, like the remains found at Mehargarh in Balochistan and Jericho in Palestine, Shar said. Archaeology professors and students from Punjab University, Peshawar University and Islamabad will soon join the team from Shah Abdul Latif University that is currently excavating the site in Lakhian Jo Daro. Work on the second block of the site will continue for a month and more items could be found, Shar said. Local officials have asked Shar to prepare proposals for setting up a museum at the site.

Lost Inca Gold—Ransom, Riches, and Riddles

By James Owen

The legend begins in the 16th century, when the great Inca Empire in western South America was giving way to European invaders. Atahualpa was an Inca king who, after warring with his half-brother, Huáscar, for control of the empire, was captured at his palace in Cajamarca in modern-day Peru by Spanish commander Francisco Pizarro.
Pizarro agreed to release Atahualpa in return for a roomful of gold, but the Spaniard later reneged on the deal. He had the Inca king put to death before the last and largest part of the ransom had been delivered. Instead, the story goes, the gold was buried in a secret mountain cave. And there the legend has remained, daring others to prove it.
The shadowy guide of those who have tried is Valverde, a Spaniard who some 50 years after Atahualpa's death is said to have become rich after being led to the gold by his Indian bride's family. When he died, he left written directions to its location, the so-called Derrotero de Valverde.
The gold trail went cold until the 1850s, when English botanist Richard Spruce traveled to Ecuador in search of the cinchona tree, the seeds of which were used to produce the antimalarial drug quinine. Spruce, when he finally returned to Britain, reported that he had uncovered Valverde's guide and a related map, made by a man named Atanasio Guzman.

'Golden Vases Full of Emeralds'
Treasure seeker Barth Blake followed up Spruce's discovery in 1886. If his writings are to be believed, Blake was the last person to find the gold. In one letter he wrote: "There are thousands of gold and silver pieces of Inca and pre-Inca handicraft, the most beautiful goldsmith works you are not able to imagine." He detailed life-size human figurines, birds and other animals, flowers, and cornstalks, as well as "the most incredible jewelry" and "golden vases full of emeralds." But, Blake claimed, "I could not remove it alone, nor could thousands of men."
Taking only what he could carry, Blake left and never returned. Sources suggest that en route to New York, where he planned to raise funds for an expedition to recover his prize, he disappeared overboard. Some say he was pushed deliberately. Many who have since attempted to retrace his steps into the treacherous Llanganates have also paid with their lives.
Mark Honigsbaum, however, did survive to tell the tale, which he did in his book Valverde's Gold (2004). The author teamed up with two adventurers who each claimed to have independently discovered an Inca gold mining site such as Valverde described: "There is a lake, made by hand, into which the ancients threw the gold they had prepared for the ransom of the Inca [Atahualpa] when they heard of his death."
"The legend essentially is that the Inca took the gold out of the Llanganates and then returned it to where they had taken it from," Honigsbaum said. But he never found the site, which seemingly had been lost as a result of the earthquakes that regularly rock the densely forested mountains.
"We're dealing with the frontier land between fact and fiction," Honigsbaum admitted. "We know Atahualpa's gold existed because it's recorded in the Spanish chronicle, and it's recorded that a large convoy of gold was on its way from Ecuador. After that, the best and most persistent stories revolve around the Llanganates."
"My own feeling, though, is that this gold was probably taken out centuries ago," he said. "If not, and it's still there, I think it's lost forever, because those mountains are so vast and inaccessible that you're looking for a needle in a haystack."

Guide to Lost Inca Sites?
Archaeologist Johan Reinhard, an explorer-in-residence at the National Geographic Society, has an explanation for why numerous expeditions in search of the gold mine and artificial lake mentioned by Valverde have failed.
"Most have followed Guzman's map that does indeed lead to some mines located on the northern end of the Llanganate range, but not to the area as can be ascertained from Valverde's description," Reinhard explained.
It's an open question whether Valverde ever existed, Reinhard added, but he says his directions do make sense against modern maps of the region.
While Reinhard doesn't believe Atahualpa's gold will ever be found, he says there's still a good chance of discovering Inca sites such as those referred to in the Derrotero. "Thus," he said, "a serious archaeological expedition would likely add significantly to our knowledge of the Inca presence in the region."
Treasure hunters and their dangerous gold fever probably aren't invited

ENIGMATIC STONE BALLS IN SERBIA

Written by Gabriela Lukacs,

In 1974 a huge stone sphere was found in Serbia. 102 cm diameter, made of tuff stone or porphyr. In 2001 a group of researchers discovered 10 more balls, 6 full and 4 half balls. On the 1974 stone ball they detected inscription marks which match with the star constellation of Cepheus and Cygnus. Pls.read full report. http://www.aob.bg.ac.yu/paob/75/pdf/333-336.pdf
The Povlen ball is a spherical rock discovered accidentally in 1974 near the Mravinjci village in the Povlen mountain near the Valjevo town in Serbia, Yugoslavia. What makes this sphere interesting, besides its shape which is rare in nature, are the signs carved into it. There was some public interest in this ball, but few scientific papers about it. There is the need to protect this unique cultural monument, because of the possible astronomical meaning of the signs on it. Stone Ball Location: Povlen near Valjevo in western Serbia, 90 km south of Belgrade

(Size: diameter 102 cm, weighing approx. 3 tons)

Neanderthal Lacked Anatomical Competitive Edge: Skeletal Remains Tell the Story

by Mary Anne Simpson

A new study of the skeletal fossils of Neanderthal and Early modern man suggest the lack of a "throwing arm" may have made the difference in human evolution. Researchers Jill A. Rhodes and Steven Churchill, evolutionary anthropologists published their findings in the January 2009 edition of the Journal of Human Evolution. The paper entitled, "Throwing in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic: inferences from an analysis of humeral retroversion," provides some clues to the extinction of Neanderthal.
Projectile weaponry was an important component of early man's survival toolkit. Traces of projectile weaponry have been found in Africa dating back some 80,000 years. The mass migration by early man out of Africa into Europe some 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, show early European man developed and used bow and arrows and other projectile devices. The Rhodes/Churchill small sampling of Neanderthal's skeletal remains indicate he was outmatched by early modern man's development of a "throwing arm". This anatomical feature is measured by the degree of humeral retroversion in the dominant arm and in bilateral asymmetry.
Neanderthal's short squat body, massive limbs and lack of backward displacement at the shoulder joint may have hampered their ability to incorporate projectile weaponry. According to Jill Rhoades, an evolutionary anthropologist examinations of early modern European fossils show the backward displacement at the shoulder joint, but none of the small sampling of Neanderthal's skeletal remains carry this anatomical characteristic.
Modern athletes like baseball pitchers have this characteristic in one shoulder joint and it is referred to generally as their "throwing arm". When engaging in over head throwing activity, such as throwing a baseball or a spear, this increases the movement of the muscles and gives greater velocity and speed to the throw, according to Steven Churchill an anthropologist at Duke University. This missing technology, along with climate change and competing arrow-shooting humans significantly challenged Neanderthal and may have led to an eventual extinction.
According to the Rhodes/Churchill study, habitual behavior patterns, including those related to the production and use of technology, can be imprinted on the skeleton through both genetic and epigenetic pathways. Samples of bilateral humeri sufficient for measurement of Neanderthals are rare. The study consisted of two males and one female. The study concludes, that while the sample was small, consistently it was found that Neanderthal lacked the characteristic "throwing arm" found in early modern man.
According to archeologist Eric Boeda of Paris X, Nanterre, Neanderthal was not without his resources. Boeda's team identified bitumen, a tar-like substance on sharpened stones in Syria inhabited by Neanderthal nearly 70,000 years ago. The bitumen was used as an adhesive to attach sharpened stones to wooden handle in a procedure called hafting. This finding by the Boeda research team using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and carbon isotopes at 40km from the source places the hafting practice back 30,000 years from the date previously set in other research.
Anthropologists agree, Neanderthal could throw spears short distances, but never graduated to the use of bow and arrows or spear-throwing technologies. Some 40,000 years ago, modern humans trekked out of Africa to Europe taking their bows and arrows with them for fishing, hunting and warfare. The bow and arrow enabled modern man to engage his environment and adapt to various environments. While it is cannot be stated with absolute certainty, Neanderthal's inability or lack of interest in developing projectile weaponry may have been an important factor in his eventual demise. Scientists are uncertain as to whether modern human used bow and arrows or projectile devices against Neanderthal, but it is a distinct possibility.
(...)

New Middle Kingdom Discovery in Ain Sokhna

Minister of Culture Farouk Hosni announced that a French-Egyptian mission has discovered a previously unknown structure in the area of Ain Sokhna, about 120 km southeast of Cairo. The rectangular building with an interior hall dates to the Middle Kingdom (ca. 1665-2061 BC), and surrounds nine galleries and three narrow passages.

Dr. Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), said that the archaeological team has been working at the site since 1999, when they found the remains of a Middle Kingdom settlement. This settlement was an important logistical center, which served a variety of functions. This year, excavations in the galleries led the team to a collection of clay vessels bearing the names of kings of the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, as well as large cedar planks and ropes from boats used to cross the Gulf of Suez to Sinai, where turquoise and copper were mined.

George Castle, the head of the French team, said that other important installations linked to these expeditions were found on the site, including a natural promontory by the sea. The remains of many successive occupations were found, the most important of which dates to the Old Kingdom. A square building that seems to have been the center of the original complex was also found.

Nazca's Trophy Heads Culled From Own Culture

Rossella Lorenzi, Discovery News

Jan. 14, 2009 -- The ancient South American people who carved the enigmatic Nazca Lines across the Peruvian desert some 1,500 to 2,000 years ago, literally lost their heads over spreading their puzzling culture, according to a recent analysis of specimens unearthed at various Andean archaeological sites.
The Nazca civilization, which flourished in Peru between the first century B.C. and the fifth century A.D. and slid into oblivion by the time the Inca Empire rose to dominate the Andes, is mostly known for carving in the desert hundreds of geometric lines and images of animals and birds that are best viewed from the air.
Less well known is that these ancient people boasted the largest collection of human heads in the Andes region of South America.
Carefully prepared, the lips sewed with long cactus spines, all heads featured a hole in the center of the forehead so that a carrying rope could be inserted.
Hanged and suspended from these woven cords, the heads were long believed to be war trophies.
But recent analysis of the diet-related substances found in the teeth of some heads unearthed in 1925, reveals that the Nazca built their collection not from foreign enemies slain in battles, but from their own people.
"Nazca pottery gives us very interesting information about the role of trophy heads, both in the hands of warriors and also in ritual activities, such as burials and ritual caches. We can use sophisticated laboratory techniques to answer very interesting questions about the past, even when the excavations took place almost 100 years ago," archaeologist and lead author Kelly Knudson of Arizona State University in Tempe, told Discovery News.
Published in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, the study examined 16 trophy heads of the Kroeber collection at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History and 13 mummified bodies buried in the Nazca region.
Knudson and colleagues compared tooth enamel from the trophy heads with the mummified bodies.
The researchers looked for subtle differences in three elements "strontium, oxygen and carbon" found in the samples. These elements display slightly different atomic structures that vary by geographic location, basically reflecting where a person lived and what types of foods he or she consumed.
"You are what you eat, and the elements you consume become a part of your bones' chemical signature," explained Field Museum curator Ryan Williams. (http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/01/14/nazca-trophy-heads-02.html)

Archaeologist Uncovers Evidence of Ancient Chemical Warfare

A researcher from the University of Leicester has identified what looks to be the oldest archaeological evidence for chemical warfare--from Roman times.

At the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, University of Leicester archaeologist Simon James presented CSI-style arguments that about twenty Roman soldiers, found in a siege-mine at the city of Dura-Europos, Syria, met their deaths not as a result of sword or spear, but through asphyxiation.
Dura-Europos on the Euphrates was conquered by the Romans who installed a large garrison. Around AD 256, the city was subjected to a ferocious siege by an army from the powerful new Sasanian Persian empire. The dramatic story is told entirely from archaeological remains; no ancient text describes it. Excavations during the 1920s-30s, renewed in recent years, have resulted in spectacular and gruesome discoveries.
The Sasanians used the full range of ancient siege techniques to break into the city, including mining operations to breach the walls. Roman defenders responded with ‘counter-mines’ to thwart the attackers. In one of these narrow, low galleries, a pile of bodies, representing about twenty Roman soldiers still with their arms, was found in the 1930s. While also conducting new fieldwork at the site, James has recently reappraised this coldest of cold-case ‘crime scenes’, in an attempt to understand exactly how these Romans died, and came to be lying where they were found.
Dr James, Reader in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Leicester, said: “It is evident that, when mine and countermine met, the Romans lost the ensuing struggle. Careful analysis of the disposition of the corpses shows they had been stacked at the mouth of the countermine by the Persians, using their victims to create a wall of bodies and shields, keeping Roman counterattack at bay while they set fire to the countermine, collapsing it, allowing the Persians to resume sapping the walls. This explains why the bodies were where they were found. But how did they die? For the Persians to kill twenty men in a space less than 2m high or wide, and about 11m long, required superhuman combat powers—or something more insidious.”
Finds from the Roman tunnel revealed that the Persians used bitumen and sulphur crystals to get it burning. These provided the vital clue. When ignited, such materials give off dense clouds of choking gases. “The Persians will have heard the Romans tunnelling,” says James, “and prepared a nasty surprise for them. I think the Sasanians placed braziers and bellows in their gallery, and when the Romans broke through, added the chemicals and pumped choking clouds into the Roman tunnel. The Roman assault party were unconscious in seconds, dead in minutes. Use of such smoke generators in siege-mines is actually mentioned in classical texts, and it is clear from the archaeological evidence at Dura that the Sasanian Persians were as knowledgeable in siege warfare as the Romans; they surely knew of this grim tactic.”
Ironically, this Persian mine failed to bring the walls down, but it is clear that the Sasanians somehow broke into the city. James recently excavated a ‘machine-gun belt’, a row of catapult bolts, ready to use by the wall of the Roman camp inside the city, representing the last stand of the garrison during the final street fighting. The defenders and inhabitants were slaughtered or deported to Persia, the city abandoned forever, leaving its gruesome secrets undisturbed until modern archaeological research began to reveal them.

L'enigma Zed - La Torre crolla

di Armando Mei e Nico Moretto

“Quando la Torre rovinò in terra si interruppe ogni comunicazione con il “Duat”. I segni della drammatica battaglia tra due opponenti sono chiaramente descritti, sempre nel Capitolo XVII del Libro dei Morti, allorquando Ra – associato al gatto, felino di straordinaria intelligenza e furbizia – dice: “Io sono questo gran gatto che si trova al lago dell’alveo di Persea in On quella notte della battaglia in cui fu compiuta la sconfitta dei Sebau e quel giorno dello sterminio degli avversari del Signore dell’Universo… E riguardo alla notte della battaglia è quando arrivarono all’oriente del cielo e vi fu battaglia in cielo e sulla terra sino ai suoi estremi confini”. Da questo epico confronto tra forze contrapposte, volutamente celato nell’ermetica cosmologia religiosa, che coinvolge il cielo e la terra fino ai suoi estremi confini, si interrompe la funzione della Colonna Zed. “Ed è Thoth che, sollevando la capigliatura, apporta vita, salute e forza, senza interruzione per il suo possessore”. Quale straordinaria metafora per sostenere come, alla fine della tenzone, Thoth si libera del proprio “cimiero” per ritornare alla sua naturale funzione di “Maestro Istruttore” delle popolazioni sopravvissute fino alla fine del proprio tempo. Nel Capitolo XVII, ancora, si legge: “In quella notte di festa del Lavorare la Terra (in Djedu) con il sangue che rende giustificato Osiride contro i suoi avversari… Ed allorché arrivano gli alleati di Set, essi fanno le loro trasformazioni in animali e poi li uccidono alla presenza di questi dèi sino a che sgorga il loro sangue…”. Si conclude così, con l’annientamento fisico delle genti di Set, la battaglia per la conquista del Potere dell’Energia. Set e le sue genti hanno tentato di conquistare la Colonna Zed, poi mutilata (o bloccata nelle sue funzioni), ora hanno perso la battaglia e, davanti agli dèi vincitori, i Grandi Giudici indossano i loro elmi così da sembrare animali (emblematiche le raffigurazioni degli dèi egizi con teste di animali) per uccidere (fino a che sgorga il loro sangue…) i nemici. Nello stesso capitolo, si evince chiaramente il motivo della battaglia: “Le erezioni delle aste di Horo è la frase di Set ai suoi seguaci: si alzino qui i pilastri”… Nel Capitolo XIX, si cita: “La notte della battaglia e della sconfitta dei malvagi, innanzi ai Grandi Giudici di Abydos, la notte in cui Osiride è reso giustificato contro i suoi avversari… innanzi ai Grandi Giudici che sono in Djedu, la notte dell’erezione dello Djed, in Djedu”, è il momento in cui viene ricostruita la Colonna Zed, la cui funzione energetica è persa o sospesa per sempre, nella terra dello Djedu (Giza).
La conquista del Potere ci spinge inevitabilmente verso due ipotesi. La prima è legata alla ricerca di una ipotetica “soluzione finale” (quella dei Neanderthal?) di cui gli antichi testi ne tramandano testimonianza. Ma sembra altrettanto interessante pensare che un solo Zed sia sfuggito di mano a chi lo governava ed abbia liberato tutta l’immane energia di cui era depositario. Il cataclisma che ne derivò, lo proiettò irreparabilmente sott’acqua (la “Grande nell’Abisso del Mare”, come cita il Libro dei Morti). Chi si salvò, si trovò senza mezzi e materiali e dovette cominciare daccapo. E, nel tempo, conobbe la propria involuzione.

Il Segreto
“I Sacerdoti delle scuole di vita riuscirono a preservare la conoscenza dello Zed. Lo scrissero nei libri di Thoth, tramandandolo nel segreto dei templi”. Lo Zed ha conservato le proprie caratteristiche solo nella tradizione orale. Gli dèi hanno trasferito le nozioni tecnico-scientifiche all’iniziato Thoth il quale ultimo le ha celate in forma ermetica nel proprio libro. Ma chi erano i custodi dei segreti più reconditi? e dove erano concentrate le scuole ermetiche? E’ un interrogativo che ha sempre affascinato i ricercatori. Dove è possibile trovare i libri della conoscenza, dove si trovavano i Sacerdoti delle scuole di Vita? Il Capitolo XVII chiarisce un ulteriore enigma: “Riguardo all’anima di mezzo ai suoi gemelli è l’anima di Ra insieme all’anima di Osiride, l’anima di Shu con l’anima di Tefnut: sono anime che si trovano in Djedu”. La perpendicolare che taglia il triangolo in due, è lo Zed che taglia la Piramide in due. Lo Zed è l’anima di centro. Ed in esso si riconoscono Ra (il Signore) e Osiride (l’Uomo). E’ la colonna vertebrale di Osiride (e di Ra) che è elemento di equilibrio. E’ nel luogo dello Zed che i Grandi Uomini Iniziati, ricordati dalle popolazioni semiprimitive dell’Antico Egitto come dèi (ovvero come custodi della saggezza, della scienza e del potere su ogni cosa), che custodivano tutto il loro sapere. Riteniamo a questo proposito che i libri di Thoth non siano altro che le scienze racchiuse nelle proporzioni dei monumenti di Djedu (Giza). (...) Il segreto rimase tale, assumendo soltanto un grande significato esoterico, in quanto i suoi depositari non avevano né mezzi, né materiali, né competenze tecnico-scientifiche per riutilizzare la macchina.

L'enigma Zed - La caduta degli dèi

di Armando Mei e Nico Moretto

La Caduta degli Dèi
Gli antichi testi richiamano il misterioso Potere dell’Energia! “Quando la Torre rovinò a terra…nel tempo della caduta degli Dèi…”. Il Capitolo XVII del Libro dei Morti sembra chiarire un dato incontrovertibile: dietro le formule rituali si nascondo episodi di rilevanza storica inequivocabili. Sono tramandate nelle forme orali e giungono dopo millenni alle discendenti popolazioni ridotte allo stato semiprimitivo dalle catastrofi planetarie geologicamente accertate tra il 25.000 e l’8.000 a.C.. Esse vengono raccontate con straordinaria semplicità utilizzando concetti elementari ma estremamente efficaci: “Sono [le gocce di] sangue sgorgate dal phallus di Ra dopo che si mutilò da se stesso… E’ il giorno del combattimento tra Horo e Set… ed è Thoth che ha messo in ordine tutto ciò con le sue proprie dita”. La rivolta dei Sebau (uomini di Set ed una volta seguaci di Ra), raggiunge il proprio apice quando viene mutilata la Colonna di Ra (volontaria o provocata?). In questa intensa visione della storia due eventi si celano: la rivolta contro Ra il quale si “mutila” di una parte del proprio seguito e la distruzione del sistema della Colonna (Zed). I “Signori di verità e giustizia, divine potenze che siete dietro a Osiride, che portate la distruzione alle menzogne…” inviano Thoth, il semidio, l’essere umano iniziato dagli “dèi”, a realizzare, con la propria arte, il nuovo ordine sociale che non potrà mai più essere tecnico-scientifico. E’ così che “I Signori di Giustizia e Verità sono Thoth…”
Il Libro narra di rovina e distruzione. Ma come è stato possibile, ci chiediamo, che una civiltà così progredita abbia potuto perdere o rovinare le opere grandiose che aveva costruito? Ci rifacciamo alla solita ricerca a largo raggio. Comuni a gran parte della cultura terrestre, narrato nella tradizione di quasi tutti i popoli che abitano il pianeta, troviamo le ataviche catastrofi geologiche.

Il Diluvio ed altri flagelli
Potremmo continuare il nostro lavoro col parlare del “Diluvio Universale”, per assecondare l’ordine culturale dell’indagine, arricchendola di contenuti storici a noi vicini. Ma il lettore è certamente a conoscenza degli sconvolgimenti planetari, di eguale portata, avvenuti tra 50.000 e 45.000 anni fa. Così come l’evento su cui c’è grande concordanza tra gli studiosi: l’effetto catastrofico, verificatosi tra il 30.000 ed il 26.500 a.C., che determinò lo spostamento delle masse continentali con conseguenti maremoti e terremoti, che causarono l’inabissamento delle terre emerse tra il continente africano e quello americano. Ci sono tracce che legano tali avvenimenti alla distruzione repentina di una civiltà progredita (Atlantide?). A nostro parere, il richiamo al Diluvio o ai cataclismi antecedenti può essere intimamente collegato lo Zed, pur nella correttezza della ricerca di processi geologici che testimoniano le tragedie avvenute nelle epoche citate.

L'enigma Zed (3)

di Armando Mei e Nico Moretto

Dalla “Dimora dei Saggi”
“I maestri muratori avevano lavorato non poco a smontare e rimontare le enormi lastre di granito…”. Nel Capitolo Primo del Libro dei Morti riteniamo significativamente plausibile il riferimento ermetico al concetto di costruzione o ricostruzione di un’opera tanto grande (nell’accezione più ampia del termine) quanto sacra (anche in questo caso nell’accezione più ampia del termine, senza limitare la locuzione ai rituali simbolici officiati durante le “sacre cerimonie”) nella citazione: “Io sono il Maestro dell’Opera che pone la sacra arca sul proprio supporto”. L’espressione “sacra arca sul proprio supporto” sembra chiaramente descrivere il lavoro svolto dai Maestri Muratori nella costruzione di una Colonna al cui apice è stata sistemata un’arca (chiaramente, a nostro parere, la costruzione della Colonna Zed). E’ contestualizzabile la teoria dell’ingegnere italiano Mario Pincherle, secondo il quale lo Zed era stato costruito in Mesopotamia e poi trasportato nelle terre del Nilo per essere custodito nella Grande Piramide. Si tentò la costruzione di uno Zed più potente, inserito in una struttura triangolare intimamente correlato alla geometria sacra, per potenziarne la funzione? Una macchina di proporzioni enormi che poteva sfruttare ed immagazzinare quanta più energia possibile, per far fronte ai futuri bisogni di una popolazione in aumento? Tale “mostro” aveva bisogno di una struttura idonea alla sua preservazione ed al suo funzionamento. E niente ci sembra più adatto delle enormi piramidi. L’immane progetto giustifica la mole dei monumenti e la complessità della loro struttura. Una progetto che deve necessariamente avere una funzione straordinaria. Ma quale?La “Dimora dei Saggi” suggerisce: “Era l’indispensabile fonte energetica per attivare la magica porta tra i mondi…”. Il Libro dei Morti sembra confermare questa interpretazione. Infatti, la cosmologia ermetica egizia sembra essere un ottimo strumento per celare gli archetipi degli iniziati alle scienze più sofisticate. La seguente citazione sembra riassumere il sistema di comunicazione tra due luoghi attraverso un sistema sul quale stiamo alacremente lavorando: “O conduttori delle anime eccellenti nella dimora di Osiride, conducete l’anima di Osiride insieme a Voi, nella dimora di Osiride […] che io possa seguire Horo nel Ro-stau (Duat) e Osiride in Djedu”. E’ l’ennesimo riferimento al sacro “Luogo dello Zed” che ci lascia intuire l’esistenza di un sistema tecnico-scientifico nascosto tra le righe di formule rituali e vocative. I conduttori sono nel luogo di Osiride nello Djedu (Giza) e sono loro che attivano i ponti “comunicativi” verso il Ro-Stau, quest’ultimo deve inteso come specifico punto di riferimento celeste oppure come alternativo punto geografico terrestre? Nel Libro dei Morti si fa chiaro riferimento alla “Grande nell’Abisso del Mare” (dominata da un dio conosciuto in Egitto con il nome di Atum) splendente di radianza come il Duplice Leone. Non è straordinario il riferimento alla Piramide “immersa negli abissi” (Yonaguni?) splendente come quella dei “Due Leoni” (Giza)?.

L'enigma Zed (2)

di Armando Mei e Nico Moretto

Il Libro dei Morti, lo Zed ed i segni di un’antica scienza
“Nella piramide di Cheope uno Zed gigantesco conferisce al Faraone l’immortalità e gli permette l’ingresso nel mondo dell’aldilà”. Questo concetto trova la sua origine nel Capitolo Primo del Libro dei Morti, allorquando Thoth (generalmente associato alla conoscenza) cita: “Io sono Djed figlio di Djed concepito e nato da Djedu”. Il testo ermetico va interpretato nel seguente modo: “Io, in quanto vivente, sono energia, e sono nato dalla fonte di Energia che è nel luogo dello Zed” (ovvero nella Grande Piramide).
L’enorme energia dello Zed, sapientemente immagazzinata dalla macchina e regolata ad arte, permetteva a chi l’aveva costruita di andare e venire dai luoghi citati come aldilà, cioè diversi da quelli in cui risiedeva lo stesso Zed. E ci sembra strano e riduttivo l’utilizzo di una macchina così complessa e potente, per il solo scopo di spostarsi nell’ambito di zone limitrofe alla Colonna di Osiride. Anzi, la stessa complessità della struttura, che utilizzava energia allo stato puro, fu costruita per impieghi di gran lunga più importanti. Se diamo retta ai miti ed alla tradizione, lo “Zed conferisce al Faraone l’immortalità.” Se partiamo dal presupposto, così come accennato all’inizio, che la Colonna è antecedente all’antico Egitto e che è addirittura presente nel nostro neolitico, in cui rappresenta la cultura del grano, dobbiamo affidare la sua costruzione ad una civiltà progredita scientificamente ed antecedente al neolitico stesso! Se guardiamo alla cultura dei simboli, essi divengono tali soltanto dopo gran trascorrere del tempo, per radicarsi autorevolmente nelle menti dell’uomo. Ne consegue che lo stesso neolitico è postumo allo Zed!A nostro parere, è giunto il momento di operare una profonda revisione della storia delle nostre origini. Questa civiltà sconosciuta, così come ipotizza l’eminente e riconosciuto scienziato americano Lloyd Knutson, realizzò il Progetto-Zed allo scopo di “raggiungere l’immortalità temporale”. Potrebbe rappresentarne una prova la complessa struttura della Grande Piramide di Giza e quella del Sole di Teotihuacàn. Riteniamo, quindi, che dopo aver scelto i luoghi idonei all’installazione delle potenti macchine, questa misteriosa civiltà ne abbia operato le costruzioni. Dopo un’accurata indagine, siamo portati a credere che i siti primordiali in cui eressero le enormi strutture sono quelli della piana di Giza, dell’altopiano del Messico e quelli oramai sommersi al largo del mar del Giappone (...).

Giza: L'enigma Zed

di Armando Mei e Nico Moretto

Pubblichiamo una parte del nostro studio sulla funzione dello Zed. L'articolo (questa è solo l'introduzione) sarà pubblicato sul blog in più puntate.

Lo Zed è, per definizione, l’elemento più misterioso della Grande Piramide di Giza. Perfettamente integrato nelle simmetrie del monumento, esso è situato nel cuore della Piramide che gli Egittologi attribuiscono al Faraone Cheope. Quale funzione abbia mai potuto avere non è stato definitivamente chiarito. Eppure, le teorie sono numerose e ciascuna di esse sembra possedere una buona dose di attendibilità. Tuttavia, come spesso accade in queste occasioni, l’ipotesi “Ufficiale” appare la meno accreditata. Gli Egittologi, infatti, considerando la particolarità dell’architettura, hanno destinato lo Zed (almeno quello inserito nella struttura della Grande Piramide) ad una finalità meramente ingegneristica: le sue “camere”, infatti, avrebbero dovuto avere una funzione di “scarico” per smaltire il peso dei blocchi superiori alla cosiddetta Camera del Re, così da evitarne il collasso strutturale. Un’analisi che è stata smontata pezzo per pezzo, con argomenti significativamente esaustivi, dagli studiosi Indipendenti.
Tuttavia, se lo Zed della Grande Piramide non ha una “funzione strutturale”, così come proposta dagli Accademici, a cosa serviva? Perché gli antichi costruttori hanno faticato tanto per sistemare questo elemento nella complessa costruzione di Giza?

Scienza e Teologia
Riteniamo che per comprendere i simbolismi ed i “meccanismi” racchiusi nella Grande Piramide è necessario procedere ad un’analisi parallela delle due tesi dominanti, quelle convenzionalmente associate ad una funzione meramente “Teologico-rituale” e quelle “Tecnico-scientifiche” che collegano il monumento alle tecnologie ed alle scienze più emancipate. La metodologia si applica per comprendere la genesi delle due tipologie proposte che - pur essendo perfettamente esaustive ed efficaci a spiegare gli ermetismi racchiusi nella Grande Piramide - si propongono, oggettivamente, nella loro indipendenza e diversità temporale! A nostro parere, la natura Tecnico-scientifica dello Zed - ad esempio - nasce contestualmente agli obiettivi dei Costruttori, mentre “l’ipotesi Teologico-rituale” ne è una conseguente valutazione interpretativa, laddove - secondo gli ambienti ufficiali - non è possibile conciliare Scienza Tecnologica ed Epoca delle Piramidi. Pertanto, pur nella sostanziale validità delle due “correnti di pensiero”, va attribuita - a nostro giudizio - una netta preminenza alle tesi Indipendenti. Quelle Accademiche, infatti, sono eccessivamente condizionate dall’obbligo di una ricostruzione storica che rispetti le ipotesi, attualmente dominanti, sul processo evolutivo della nostra specie e sull’evoluzione tecnico-scientifiche dell’Epoca Dinastica, sottovalutando – e spesso stroncando a priori – sia le stesse peculiarità tecnico-scientifiche oggettivamente racchiuse nel monumento, sia la possibilità che la storia remota abbia potuto seguire una dinamica completamente diversa da quanto finora proposto.

Technology Reveals Significant Archaeological Discovery at the Springs Preserve

Remote Sensing Technologies indicate new evidence of ancient humans at the Big Springs

LAS VEGAS/PRNewswire/ - In addition to the more traditional archaeological excavation of a pre-historic pithouse currently underway at the Springs Preserve, remote sensing technologies have revealed the possible existence of two additional pithouses in close proximity. This new archaeological find indicates evidence of an ancestral Puebloan human settlement at the Springs Preserve.
"We believe we've found a small intact community near the center of Las Vegas in an area that has been virtually undisturbed by urban growth. This is a prime example of the value of protecting and preserving our links with the past," said Springs Preserve Archaeologist Dr. Patti Wright.
The partially excavated pre-historic pithouse is believed to have been a dwelling constructed by the Ancestral Puebloans. Plant charcoal remnants found in the pithouse hearth have been carbon dated at 700 AD. The excavation has also uncovered chipped and ground stone, ceramics, and a shell bead from the California coast, which indicate that these ancient peoples engaged in trade.
A noted expert in development and use of remote sensing technology Dr. Michael "Bodhi" Rogers, Professor in the Physics Department at Ithaca College is conducting remote sensing research at the Springs Preserve. "Depending on the scope of the project, we can obtain information much more quickly with remote sensing technology," says Dr. Rogers, "accomplishing in days what might take years using traditional methods."
Rarely utilized in Southern Nevada, remote sensing techniques such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR), magnetometry and electric resistivity use non-destructive energy waves to locate subterranean archaeological remnants. The process began with laying out a grid system on the ground's surface to map out their subsurface findings obtained with the remote sensing technologies.
"This collaborative effort between geophysicists and archaeologists may uncover an extremely significant find which highlights the transition from nomadic to semi-sedentary," says Dr. Alan Simmons, Professor Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Jim Johnson
Las Vegas Springs Preserve
702.822.7737
jim.johnson@springspreserve.org
Dawn Barraclough
Las Vegas Springs Preserve
702.822.7733
dawn.barraclough@springspreserve.org

Trophy heads reveal secrets about ancient South American civilization

By Azam Ahmed
The Nasca civilization is perhaps best known for the drawings its people etched onto the desert floor in southwest Peru, a massive and mysterious body of simple and intricate works that span several hundred square miles.

Less well known is that the ancient society, which existed from about 1 to 800 A.D., also harbored the largest collection of human trophy heads in the Andes region of South America. These human skulls were often worn or used as decoration and differ from the shrunken heads of other civilizations.
But just where those trophy heads came from has been the subject of a decades-long debate in academic circles, with some suggesting they might have been taken from distant enemies in battle.
But a recent study finds that these trophy heads came from the same area as the local Nasca population, not from far-off places.
Using tooth enamel from trophy heads, researchers tested for a variety of isotopes that would tell them where these humans likely lived and what they ate. They then compared those findings with isotope data from bodies of individuals buried at Nasca sites. The findings show that both the trophy heads and the bodies came from the same region.
"The evidence helps us to understand that the majority of these trophy heads were not the product of long distance war expeditions," said Dr. Ryan Williams, a curator at the Field Museum and an author of the study.
It is also an important step in understanding one aspect of an ancient civilization that preceded the first Peruvian Empire, experts say. In these discoveries, scientists can begin to get a clearer picture of the development of civilizations.
The study, published in the Journal of Anthropological Archeology in December, was conducted by researchers at Arizona State University, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Indiana University Northwest and the Field Museum.
The trophy heads themselves were part of a collection of 18 heads that have been in the Field Museum's collection for about 80 years, first brought back from the Nasca Drainage area by anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber.
Williams said the project began two years ago as an effort to determine the origins of the trophy heads, which have remained remarkably preserved thanks to the extremely hot and dry climate of the Nasca Drainage. The trophy heads, some of which still have hair, will not be displayed as a part of any exhibit out of respect for the sanctity of human remains, he said.
Each skull has a hole drilled into its frontal lobe, where a cord was attached so the skull could be hung or worn as decoration. But the exact use and purpose of the trophy heads remain somewhat nebulous.
While the research offers convincing evidence that the heads did not come from far-flung places, it still does not rule out war as the source of the heads. They could have been collected from warring between populations living in the Nasca area.
The skulls may also be the product of agricultural fertility rituals or could have been associated with ancestor worship. Some of the earliest Nasca pottery, known for its distinctive and vibrant depictions, have trophy heads drawn onto pots and vases. Later pottery has more warlike images.
Based off research of the clay pottery and previous studies of the Nasca society, many researchers already suspected that the trophy heads came from within the community.
"We would have expected this result, but the study ... was a really nice verification of our suspicions," said Kevin Vaughn, associate professor of anthropology at Purdue University.
But what the research provides is a way to match those theories with hard evidence, experts say.
"Now we can directly assess some of the issues surrounding who some of these people were," Williams said. "We still have this rich artistic resource and now we can begin to look at the two pieces of the puzzle simultaneously."

The Yonaguni Structures

by Leonardo Vintiñi

Classified by some scientists as the archeological find of the century, the structures accidentally discovered off the Japanese coast of Yonaguni offer ancient architecture in the form of pillars, hexagons, stairs, avenues, arcades, and even a stepped pyramid.
While the most conservative hypothesis postulates that the Yonaguni structures are the product of the marked seismic activity in the area, the precise angles of the rocks and their arrangement in relation to one another suggest that this site might hold remnants of a submerged city.
Evidence in favor of this stance includes the chemical composition of the chalky rocks (which do not naturally exist in the region), two openings about 6.5 feet deep adjacent to the structures—which no archeologist dares to classify as a natural formation—and an oval-shaped rock that does not appear to belong to the set, but exhibits a clear northward facing point. The entire submerged city of Yonaguni is estimated by some to be at least 10,000 years old.
Marine archeology has only become an academic possibility in the last 50 years with the introduction of scuba gear. According to marine archeologist Dr. Nick Flemming, at least 500 submerged sites containing the remains of some form of man-made structure or artifacts have been found around the globe. Some calculations figure that nearly a fifth of these sites are more than 3,000 years old.
Certainly, some of these sites were washed away by floods, but others may have found their place at the bottom of the sea through tectonic shifts. As many of these places were originally built on solid, dry land, Earth may have been geographically quite different than what we know today. Likewise, these people would have come from an era more remote than what we understand as the dawn of civilization. So, is our current civilization the greatest mankind has ever known, or merely one tiny peak among many in a cycle that stretches far into the distant past? The answer might be found at the bottom of our oceans.

How important is investigation of the northern Queens Chamber shaft?

Rudolf Gantenbrink

Ever since that sensational discovery in the lower southern shaft, the northern shaft has received little publicity. But exploring it might well help to solve the ongoing riddle of the southern lower shaft. We do not yet know how and where the northern shaft ends. Will we discover another stone slab blocking the way?
Not only that, the northern shaft itself may contain equally enticing mysteries.
In 1879, British archeologist Waynman Dixon retrieved a number of artifacts from the lower shaft northern. One of them was a small piece of a square wooden rod, which, unfortunately, has since disappeared. Another of his finds resembles a small grappling hook. The two rivets in the hook seem to match two holes in a square rod, presumably made of wood, which is still lodged about 18 meters up into the shaft. (See THE LOWER NORTHERN SHAFT at THE FINDINGS page.)
I have carried out extensive modifications to the robots, giving them greater maneuverability to deal with bends in the shafts and differing shaft heights. So now, the northern lower shaft presents no major obstacles. We could explore it further with relative ease and at moderate cost. And we may be able to extract that enticing rod. If it does turn out to be made of wood, it can be carbon-dated. And that might well provide further evidence about the age of the Cheops Pyramid.
We should never forget that the upper region of this shaft constitutes the last remaining unexplored area of one of the world's most important historical monuments. We know it is there - and all we have to do is apply existing technology

BOSNIAN PYRAMIDS REFLECT THE STARRY SKIES?

Written by Aldin Muratovic

Bosnian pyramids of the Sun, Moon, Dragon, Love, Earth and an anomaly of Krstac in the shape of a crescent, reflect the constellation s Major (Big Dog). It is a known fact that the three pyramids in Giza reflect the Orion Belt but in reverse position in relation to its actual position in the sky. It can bee seen in these photos.

The same case is with the Bosnian pyramids, where the constellation Canis Major is also situated in a reversed position in the sky in relation to the Bosnian Pyramids.

This is yet another connection between the Egyptian and Bosnian pyramids (?). In addition to this, there is yet another interesting fact that connects these two constellations; the mythology of the people on earth and the view of the Sirius Star. The question is; if the Oziros Land was built in Egypt (Orion-Oziris), was Canis Major –Sirius built in Bosnia?

Discovery helps solve mystery of South American trophy heads

Nasca ceramic vessel featuring a warfare scene and disembodied heads on display in the Ancient Americas exhibition at The Field Museum.
The mystery of why ancient South American peoples who created the mysterious Nazca Lines also collected human heads as trophies has long puzzled scholars who theorize the heads may have been used in fertility rites, taken from enemies in battle or associated with ancestor veneration.

A recent study using specimens from Chicago's Field Museum throws new light on the matter by establishing that trophy heads came from people who lived in the same place and were part of the same culture as those who collected them. These people lived 2,000 to 1,500 years ago.
Archaeologists determined that the severed heads were trophies because holes were made in the skulls allowing the heads to be suspended from woven cords. A debate has been raging for the past 100 years over their meaning.
Trophy heads in the Field collection were gathered from the Nazca Drainage of the arid southern Peruvian coast 80 years ago by noted American anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876-1960). He also collected remains of some people buried normally. In some cases, the trophy heads were buried with their collectors.
Because Nazca is among the driest places on Earth, said Ryan Williams, a Field Museum curator, the specimens Kroeber collected were very well preserved. The dead bodies were naturally mummified and some trophy heads still had their hair as well as the display cords attached to the skull. The museum also has several examples of Nazca pottery illustrated with trophy heads; some of the pots are on display in the museum's Ancient Americas exhibition.
"Illustrations on some pots depict warriors and trophy heads," said Williams. "But there are also scenes that link trophy heads to agricultural fertility. Mythical creatures depicted on some pots carry trophy heads as well."
Researchers speculated that if trophy heads were spoils of war, they likely would have come from people who lived somewhere beyond the Nazca area. To test this notion, scientists took samples of tooth enamel from 16 trophy heads in the Field collection and 13 mummified bodies buried in the Nazca region. The results clearly show that donors of the trophy heads were from the same place as the people who kept the trophies, Williams said. This conclusion was based on research using modern technology to look for subtle differences in three elements found in the samples. Those elements - strontium, oxygen and carbon - each display a slightly different atomic structure that varies by geographic location.
http://www.physorg.com/news150373491.html
Source: Field Museum

Earliest Evidence Of Our Cave-dwelling Human Ancestors

A research team led by Professor Michael Chazan, director of the University of Toronto's Archaeology Centre, has discovered the earliest evidence of our cave-dwelling human ancestors at the Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa.
Stone tools found at the bottom level of the cave — believed to be 2 million years old — show that human ancestors were in the cave earlier than ever thought before. Geological evidence indicates that these tools were left in the cave and not washed into the site from the outside world.
Archaeological investigations of the Wonderwerk cave — a South African National Heritage site due to its role in discovering the human and environmental history of the area — began in the 1940s and research continues to this day.
Using a combination of dating methods it has been possible to date the bottom level reached by Peter Beaumont in the front part of the cave to 2 million years ago.
A small number of very small stone tools have been recovered from excavations in this level. Geological evidence indicates that these tools were deposited in the cave by human ancestors, not washed into the site from the outside.
The combination of stone tools indicating the presence of human ancestors and the dating of the level leads to the conclusion that human ancestors (hominids) were in the cave 2 million years ago. This is the earliest evidence for intentional cave occupation by human ancestors.
There were a number of species of hominids in southern Africat 2 million years ago. The most likely candidate as the manufacturer of the stone tools found at Wonderwerk is Homo habilis.
The oldest known stone tools from sites in Ethiopia date to 2.4 million years. The Wonderwerk Cave discoveries are those close in age to the very earliest known stone tools and similar in date to the bottom levels at Olduvai Gorge.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081219172137.htm

Ancient Mass Graves, ''Baby Bottles'' Discovered

-Archaeologists have uncovered thousands of graves holding the remains of 5th-century B.C. soldiers near the site of the ancient Greek colony of Himera, on the island of Sicily in Italy. Also included in the burials were arrowheads, amphorae, and infants with "baby bottles." "[Himera] is probably the largest Greek necropolis in Sicily," said Stefano Vassallo, the lead archaeologist of the team that made the discoveries in September. Researchers think the adult skeletons are from soldiers who died fighting the Carthaginians in a 480 B.C. battle described by Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus.

ENIGMATIC STONE BALLS IN SERBIA

Written by Gabriela Lukacs,

In 1974 a huge stone sphere was found in Serbia. 102 cm diameter, made of tuff stone or porphyr. In 2001 a group of researchers discovered 10 more balls, 6 full and 4 half balls. On the 1974 stone ball they detected inscription marks which match with the star constellation of Cepheus and Cygnus. Pls.read full report. http://www.aob.bg.ac.yu/paob/75/pdf/333-336.pdf
The Povlen ball is a spherical rock discovered accidentally in 1974 near the Mravinjci village in the Povlen mountain near the Valjevo town in Serbia, Yugoslavia. What makes this sphere interesting, besides its shape which is rare in nature, are the signs carved into it. There was some public interest in this ball, but few scientific papers about it. There is the need to protect this unique cultural monument, because of the possible astronomical meaning of the signs on it.

Ancient Submerged Cities: Rethinking Our Ancestry

Leonardo Vintiñi

They realized that the men had rebelled and decided to exterminate them. Thousands of pumas left the cave and devoured the man who begged the devil for help. But the devil remained unmoved by their pleas. Seeing this, Inti, the god of the sun cried. Her tears were so abundant that in forty days the valley was flooded.”—Inca legend of Lake Titicaca

Consider one anthropological hypothesis that concedes the possibility of a prehistoric humanity enjoying a high degree of technological development. Some evidence suggests that ancient people appear to have crafted a technology significantly more advanced than what we might imagine. Much of the support for this idea comes from the discovery of dozens of ancient cities submerged beneath the oceans across the entire planet.
Surprising cases like that of the Yonaguni structures off the coasts of Japan, or the submerged “Mega city” accidentally discovered off the northeast coast of Cuba, continue to offer researchers clues to what was once considered merely geographical mythology—tales such as those of Atlantis, Mu, or the land of Thule. Every few years a long-sunken discovery lends support for this prehistoric empire hypothesis.

Urban Architecture From an Impossible Time
A typical example of the archeological ruins described above was found in waters 120 feet deep in the Gulf of Cabay, located off the western coast of India. It is estimated that the vast city, discovered by chance during an investigation on pollution, could date back some 9,000 years.
Using a sonar tracker, investigators managed to identify defined geometric structures at a depth of about 120 feet. From the site, they recovered construction material, pottery, sections of walls, basins, sculptures, bones, and human teeth. The carbon tests indicate that these pieces were 9,500 years old.
Before this finding, anthropologists thought that the area had not seen civilization before 2,500 B.C. This ancient city, therefore, was even older than the Harappan civilization, once believed to be the oldest of the subcontinent.
Another surprising case came in 1967, when the Aluminaut—an exploration submarine capable of submerging deeper than any craft of its day—casually discovered a “road” off the coastal zone of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Found at a depth of nearly 3,000 feet, this road traced a straight line for more than 15 miles.
Even more surprising, this road had been paved with sophisticated cement composed of aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron, and magnesium. Despite its age, the road was found to be free of debris due to an underwater current that kept it clear.
This forgotten road still proved a worthy thoroughfare as the special wheels of the Aluminaut allowed the sub to actually travel along the enigmatic highway. Later, scientists exploring the area found a series of monolithic constructions at one end of the road. What technology could construct a long paved road that would remain in good condition for 10,000 years?
A more recent discovery of this type took place in 2004, when the same tsunami that battered the coasts of Southeast Asia also moved tons of sand from the cost of Tamil Nadu, India. The storm cleared years of dust that led to the discovery of the mythical city of Mahabalipuram.
According to local legend, the city of Mahabalipuram suffered a great flood, submerging it in a single day 1,000 years ago, when the gods became jealous of its beauty. The local inhabitants recounted that six temples were covered by water, but that part of the seventh remained on the coast. The team of 25 divers from the Archaeological Survey of India explored the extensive area covered with man-made structures, ranging at depths of between 15 and 25 feet below the water.
The scale of the submerged ruins covered several square miles, at distances of up to a mile from the coast. Conservative estimates of the age of these constructions range from 1,500 to 1,200 years old, though some investigators say they originate from up to 6,000 years ago.

The Yonaguni Structures
Classified by some scientists as the archeological find of the century, the structures accidentally discovered off the Japanese coast of Yonaguni offer ancient architecture in the form of pillars, hexagons, stairs, avenues, arcades, and even a stepped pyramid.
While the most conservative hypothesis postulates that the Yonaguni structures are the product of the marked seismic activity in the area, the precise angles of the rocks and their arrangement in relation to one another suggest that this site might hold remnants of a submerged city.
Evidence in favor of this stance includes the chemical composition of the chalky rocks (which do not naturally exist in the region), two openings about 6.5 feet deep adjacent to the structures—which no archeologist dares to classify as a natural formation—and an oval-shaped rock that does not appear to belong to the set, but exhibits a clear northward facing point. The entire submerged city of Yonaguni is estimated by some to be at least 10,000 years old.
Marine archeology has only become an academic possibility in the last 50 years with the introduction of scuba gear. According to marine archeologist Dr. Nick Flemming, at least 500 submerged sites containing the remains of some form of man-made structure or artifacts have been found around the globe. Some calculations figure that nearly a fifth of these sites are more than 3,000 years old.
Certainly, some of these sites were washed away by floods, but others may have found their place at the bottom of the sea through tectonic shifts. As many of these places were originally built on solid, dry land, Earth may have been geographically quite different than what we know today. Likewise, these people would have come from an era more remote than what we understand as the dawn of civilization. So, is our current civilization the greatest mankind has ever known, or merely one tiny peak among many in a cycle that stretches far into the distant past? The answer might be found at the bottom of our oceans.